The Foundation of Knowing: A Philosophical Inquiry

By Elias Solbak Årnes

A clock that runs four minutes slow is defective, but no one asks it to explain itself. People are different. We ask one another for reasons, accept excuses, withdraw trust, and sometimes say: you should have known better.

What, if anything, gives such a demand its force?

The Foundation of Knowing begins with the regress of justification and distinguishes epistemic defect from responsibility, blame, wronging, and answerability. It then compares five accounts of the standing behind a demand for reasons: objective normative truth, rational agency, reciprocal authority, social practice, and an unconditioned personal ground. The book does not claim a deductive proof or pretend that the rival accounts have been defeated.

The inquiry then turns to the biblical formula "I AM THAT I AM," asking what would count as an address and what the historical evidence can actually establish.

In Part IV, the author places his own conviction of calling under the same standards, testing it against chronology, contemporaneous records, clinical assessments, a veterinary record, Christian theology, and the strongest available human explanation.

A philosophical and autobiographical inquiry for readers interested in epistemology, philosophy of religion, faith and reason, religious experience, and the ethics of belief.

• Format: Paperback
• Language: English
• ISBN: B0HBHSL8BT
• ISBN13: 9798188573690
• Release Date: July 2026
• Publisher: Independently Published
• Length: 146 Pages
• Weight: 0.45 lbs.
• Dimensions: 0.3" x 6.0" x 9.0"