Taiwan's National Health Insurance (NHI) program, established in 1995, currently covers more than 99 % of the country's legal residents [18]. The NHI Research Database (NHIRD), which contains registration files and original claim data from reimbursement, is one of the largest administrative healthcare databases in the world [18]. It provides patient identification number, gender, age, date of visit, length of hospitalization, prescribed medica-tion, and diagnoses using the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) [18]. Registration files of HCPs obtained from the Registry of medical personnel (PER) of NHIRD include residence area, hospital level, type of employment, spe-cialty, date of HCP license, and encrypted identification number (Fig. 1). Non-HCPs were recruited from the Lon-gitudinal Health Insurance Database 2000 (LHID2000), a data subset of the NHIRD that contains all claims data of one million (4.34 % of the total population) random bene-ficiaries. There is no significant difference of the charac-teristics between LHID2000 and NHIRD [18]. NHI covers all the expenses of migraine, stroke, hypertension, epi-lepsy, anxiety, depression, and insomnia treatments.
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