Cervical lymphadenopathy is defined as the abnormal enlargement of one or more lymph nodes in the cervical region of the neck. It is one of the most frequently encountered clinical findings in medical and dental practice and may represent a wide spectrum of diseases, ranging from benign, self-limiting infections to life-threatening malignancies. Cervical lymph nodes are integral components of the lymphatic system and play a vital role in immune surveillance by filtering lymphatic fluid, trapping microorganisms, foreign particles, and malignant cells, and initiating immune responses. Enlargement of these lymph nodes occurs when they respond to infectious, inflammatory, autoimmune, or neoplastic processes. Since cervical lymphadenopathy may be the first clinical manifestation of a systemic disease or a head and neck malignancy, early recognition and systematic evaluation are essential for prompt diagnosis and appropriate management.
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