Proteins are constructed from amino acids, which are chemical substances. Each amino acid has a unique combination of an amino group (-NH2), a carboxyl group (-COOH), and a side chain. The majority of proteins contain one or more of the 20 standard amino acids. Many functions in living organisms cannot function properly without amino acids. They are essential in the synthesis of proteins, where they are chained together in a certain order defined by the genetic code. Proteins are constructed from these chains, which fold into specific three-dimensional shapes. Amino acids are essential for more than just making proteins. Enzyme catalysis, cell signaling, neurotransmitter modulation, and chemical transport across cell membranes are all processes that require these proteins. Some amino acids are building blocks for the production of peptide hormones, nucleotides, and neurotransmitters. Size, charge, and hydrophobicity are only some of the ways in which amino acids contribute to protein structure and function. The distinctive features and functional capabilities of a protein are established by the precise arrangement of amino acids within the protein itself. Amino acids serve an important role in protein structure, regulation, and metabolism, and are thus fundamental to the health of all living systems.
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