
During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, North American Indian leaders commonly signed treaties with the European powers and the American and Canadian governments with an X , signifying their presence and assent to the terms. These x-marks indicated coercion (because the...

During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, North American Indian leaders commonly signed treaties with the European powers and the American and Canadian governments with an X , signifying their presence and assent to the terms. These x-marks indicated coercion (because the...