This book began with a simple question: Why, despite education, legislation, economic development and repeated campaigns for equality, do traditional inequalities against women continue to survive? The question led me beyond the visible manifestations of inequality to the less visible world of the human mind. A social practice does not survive merely because it has existed for a long time. It survives because generations have accepted certain values, beliefs and attitudes as natural, and these gradually influence feelings and behaviour. What begins as a belief may become a family expectation; what becomes a family expectation may become a social norm; and what becomes a social norm may eventually appear to be an unquestionable tradition. This is where the real challenge of women's empowerment lies. The shackles are not always physical. Many are psychological, cultural, economic and relational. The daughter may be taught that she belongs to another family. The wife may be expected to obey rather than participate. The widow may be expected to withdraw from life. A talented woman may be encouraged to succeed, but not always to exercise full control over her choices and resources. Therefore, empowerment cannot mean merely doing something for women. It must increasingly mean enabling women to become capable of doing things for themselves and participating as equal partners in shaping their families, communities and society. The psychological journey is important: Values → Beliefs → Attitudes → Feelings → Behaviour → Social Reality. The second half of the journey is therefore one of reconstruction. Education, learning, self-concept, self-esteem, self-efficacy, economic agency, property rights, marriage as partnership, widow remarriage, freedom from dowry and protection from violence become parts of a larger process of social transformation. The objective is not to replace one form of domination with another. Nor is empowerment a struggle against men. The real struggle is against inequality, injustice and the inherited beliefs that legitimise them. Men, too, must be liberated-from notions of superiority, entitlement and ownership. A genuinely empowered woman and an enlightened man need not be adversaries. They can become partners in creating a more humane society. It is a book about the kind of society we wish to become.
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