Let's turn to Italy, to Venice. In the 12th century, at the height of the Middle Ages, the city of the Doges was all-powerful and very wealthy. It was the capital of goldsmiths, glass industry, arts, knowledge and commerce. Venice possessed treasures that had no equal: Murano's blue blown glass, which only master glassmakers could blow and tint, the secret of making mirrors with perfect reflections and gold and silver mines hidden in the mountains. Until around the 17th century, after the Renaissance, these smooth, transparent mirrors were produced exclusively in the glassworks of Venice and then Murano. To produce all these objects, Venetian craftsmen had to get precious stones and minerals. Gold, silver, cobalt and manganese ores were mined by gnomes in the Alps and especially in Saxony.
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