Twilight of the Gods: Polytheism in the Hebrew Bible

by David Penchansky

Since the middle of the twentieth century, one of biblical scholarship's chief assumptions has been that ancient Israel evolved out of the polytheism of surrounding cultures into an ethical monotheism. However, this consensus has fallen apart in recent years. Scholars now know that early Israel was surrounded by a very polytheistic culture and that many Israelites thought of Yahweh as the chief God among many gods. Furthermore, archaeology has...

• Format: Paperback
• Language: English
• ISBN: 0664228852
• ISBN13: 9780664228859
• Release Date: August 2005
• Publisher: Westminster John Knox Press
• Length: 120 Pages
• Weight: 0.45 lbs.
• Dimensions: 0.3" x 6.2" x 9.0"

Customer Reviews

Warning: Close Minded People Will Not Like This

This book will seriously distress most Christians who have not come to grips with the history and theology of the Bible. The Bible was and is a book containing Henotheistic theology. That is, the Hebrews did believe in more than one real God, and they wrote about it in scripture. This book very adequately lays out that case. The book is brief, contains a lot of citations, is organized into logical chapters, and offers a view of Biblical theology which will challenge the blind follower who is still being told by their pastor that the Bible does not contain discussions about other real gods. This book is not to be seen as a major defense of the subject matter, as it is too brief for that. But it has many great citations one can follow. For further reading on this subject, one should consult works by Mark Smith The Origins of Biblical Monotheism: Israel's Polytheistic Background and the Ugaritic Texts, Bill Dever Did God Have a Wife?: Archaeology and Folk Religion in Ancient Israel, Margaret Barker's various works The Great Angel: A of Israel's Second God, or several other excellent works by various authors Only One God?: Monotheism in Ancient Israel and the Veneration of the Goddess Asherah (Biblical Seminar), The Hebrew Goddess 3rd Enlarged Edition. The nature of these works will be considered by some to be moderate and liberal in their scholarship, and some of the authors have lost their faith in a Biblical God. By definition, anything is "liberal" which requires one to change their thinking, so that is not necessarily a bad thing. That should not be taken as a reason to shun this. Rather, truth must be able to interact with the evidence of history and retain faith, if it is true. My experience is that people usually lose their faith or are afraid of interacting with scholarship when they start from a false construction of what God is teaching, or his methods. Faith and scholarship are not incompatible.