INTRODUCTION 1.1. Communication Apprehension Definitions of Communication Apprehension Characteristics of Individuals with Communication Apprehension Effects of Communication Apprehension Types of Communication Apprehension (CA) Factors of Communication Apprehension Theoretical Propositions on Communication Apprehension 1.2. Reducing Communication Apprehension Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy (REBT) Cognitive Restructuring (CR) Visualization (VIS) Systematic Desensitization Skills Training (SK) Video Technology Flooding Peer Practice Virtual Reality (VR) Drug Therapies and Meditation 1.3. Self-esteem Definitions of self-esteem Characteristics of High Self-esteem Characteristics of Low Self-esteem Types of Self-esteem Factors that Influence Self-esteem Theories of Self-esteem,