THIS CASEBOOK contains a selection of U. S. Court of Appeals decisions that analyze, interpret and apply the state action doctrine under 42 U.S.C. ? 1983. The selection of decisions spans from 2014 to the date of publication.An individual acts under color of state law when he or she exercises power "possessed by virtue of state law and made possible only because the wrongdoer is clothed with the authority of state law." United States v. Classic, 313 U.S. 299, 326, 61 S.Ct. 1031, 85 L.Ed. 1368 (1941); see also Dang Vang v. Vang Xiong X. Toyed, 944 F.2d 476, 479 (9th Cir.1991) ("'[I]t is firmly established that a defendant in a ? 1983 suit acts under color of state law when he abuses the position given to him by the state.'" (quoting West, 487 U.S. at 49-50, 108 S.Ct. 2250)). This test is generally satisfied when a state employee, like a deputy district attorney, wrongs someone "while acting in his official capacity or while exercising his responsibilities pursuant to state law." West, 487 U.S. at 50, 108 S.Ct. 2250. But "? 1983 does not federalize all torts or other deprivations of rights committed by a person who is a law enforcement officer or other government agent." Myers v. Bowman, 713 F.3d 1319, 1329 (11th Cir.2013) (citation omitted) (internal quotation marks omitted); see also Van Ort v. Estate of Stanewich, 92 F.3d 831, 838 (9th Cir.1996). Particularly when the state employee is off duty, whether he or she "is acting under color of state law turns on the nature and circumstances of the [employee's] ... conduct and the relationship of that conduct to the performance of his official duties." Anderson, 451 F.3d at 1068 (citation omitted) (internal quotation marks omitted). Naffe v. Frey, 789 F. 3d 1030 (9th Cir. 2015).
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