The excitation of a molecules required to initiate chemical reactions can be accomplished by the methods of photochemistry or electrochemistry. The techniques are usually more selective than thermal processes, and they often allow activation of one type of compound in the presence of another. For photo activation to take place, a portion of the molecule must be capable of absorbing radiant energy, usually from ultraviolet light. Activation of such a chromophore is the result of excitation of bonding or nonbonding electron into an antibonding molecular orbital. The rules of quantum mechanism predict which electronic transitions are favorable. Various radiative and nonradiative relaxation processes enable excited molecules to return to ground -state configurations. When these processes involve bond making or breaking, photochemistry occurs.
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