This book examines the growing threat of biological hazards, both natural and deliberate, and the persistent gaps in public health systems that limit early detection and effective response, particularly in African contexts. It argues that fragmented data systems, limited interoperability, and delayed analytics continue to weaken preparedness, allowing outbreaks to spread before they are fully understood or contained. Drawing on lessons from past epidemics, including COVID-19, the book highlights the urgent need to move from reactive to proactive public health strategies. At its core, the book introduces the SHIELD framework, a systems-based approach that integrates Surveillance, Health System Strengthening, Intelligence through artificial intelligence and analytics, Emergency Response, and Data Evaluation. By combining digital health tools, real-time data integration, and predictive analytics, SHIELD provides a structured pathway for strengthening early warning systems and improving coordinated responses to biological threats.
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