A self-oscillating DC-DC converter structure is proposed in which an oscillator is completely internalized within the switched-capacitor network. This eliminates power overhead of clock generation and level shifting and enables higher efficiency at lower power levels. Voltage doublers are cascaded to form a complete energy harvester with a wide load range from 5 nW to 5 .mu.W and self-starting operation down to 140 mV. Because each doubler is self-oscillating, the frequency of each stage can be independently modulated, thereby optimizing the overall conversion efficiency.
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