
Presents a description of the various types of crude oil and also includes a discussion of extra heavy oil and tar sand bitumen. Basic properties and specifications of crude oil and refinery products and their significance in refinery operations are provided.

Over the last several decades, the petroleum industry has experienced significant changes in resource availability, petro-politics, and technological advancements dictated by the changing quality of refinery feedstocks. However, the dependence on fossil fuels as the primary...