We have undertaken to write in this book the history of the aristocracies of the ancient world, from the most remote traditions of the existence of societies until the great upheaval which ruined the Roman Empire and began the modern age. Our goal has been to follow through so many centuries this great fact of the constant presence in ancient States of aristocratic and privileged classes, placed above the peoples as the peoples themselves were placed above these thousands of slaves possessed by the smallest city. We wanted to make known the origin of these classes and their history, to expose the institutions which made their power, to study and appreciate the revolutions where they perished. When a fact appears in human history which thus dominates the existence of societies, a question naturally comes to mind. Is it a coincidence, or does it have a higher and more moral reason? If force, the chances of fortune, the brutal law of war, the abuse of a superiority due to science, skill or cunning, are the only causes which have given rise to privileged castes of the East and to the aristocracies of the West, it is a fact for which we must seek no other explanation than the part left in the world to fatality by the very providence of the Creator;..........
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