Introduction.- Equivalent Circuit Models of Neurons.- Recording Electrodes.- Stimulating Electrodes.- Intracellular Recording.- Extracellular Recording.- Extracellular Recording of Propagating Action Potentials.- Recording using Field-Effect Transistors.- Neural Recording using Nanoprotrusion Electrodes.- Recording using Tetrodes.- Intracortical Functional Neural Mapping Using an Integrated 3D Ultra-Density MEA.- Neuronal Stimulation.- Electrical Stimulation to Promote Neuronal Growth.- Applications.