Peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis are important biological challenges to long-term implant success. Mucositis is an early, reversible condition, whereas peri-implantitis involves progressive inflammation and supporting bone loss. Although biofilm is the primary etiological factor, disease progression is influenced by periodontitis history, smoking, diabetes, prosthetic design, implant positioning, and maintenance. Therefore, prevention, early diagnosis, risk reduction, and individualized treatment are essential. Regular supportive care and effective patient plaque control remain fundamental to maintaining peri-implant health. Emerging technologies may improve diagnosis and treatment, but cannot replace sound clinical principles. The ultimate goal is not merely implant survival, but lifelong peri-implant health, function, esthetics, and patient satisfaction.
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