High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles In the history of thermodynamics, On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances is a 300-page paper written by American mathematical-engineer Willard Gibbs. It is one of the founding papers in thermodynamics, along with German physicist Hermann von Helmholtz's 1882 paper "Thermodynamik chemischer Vorg nge." Together they form the foundation of chemical thermodynamics as well as a large part of physical chemistry.
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