Chromatography may be defined as a nondestructive procedure for separating mixture of components into individual components through equilibrium distribution between two phases. The technique of chromatography is based on the differences in the rate at which the components of a mixture move through a porous medium under the influence of solvent or gas. The importance of Chromatography is increasing rapidly in pharmaceutical analysis in exact differentiation, selective identification and quantitative determination of structurally closely related compounds. Another important field of application of chromatographic methods is the purity testing of final products and intermediates (detection of decomposition products and by-products). As a consequence of the above points, chromatographic methods are occupying an ever-expanding position in the latest editions of the pharmacopoeias and other testing standards. Chromatography is one of the most powerful and versatile analytical techniques available to the modern chemist. Its power arises from its capacity to determine quantitatively many individual components present in a mixture in a one single analytical run. Its versatility comes from its capacity to handle wide variety of samples that may be gaseous, liquid or solid in nature. The sample can range in complexity from a single substance to a multicomponent mixture containing widely different chemical species. Another aspect of versatility is that the analysis can be carried out on a very costly complex instrument and on the other hand on a simple inexpensive thin layer plate. The modern form of column chromatography has been called high performance, high pressure, High resolution and high speed liquid chromatography. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) is a special branch of column chromatography in which the mobile phase is forced through the column at high speed. As a result the analysis time is reduced by 1-2 orders of magnitude relative to classical column chromatography and the use of much smaller particles of the adsorbent or support becomes possible increasing the column efficiency substantially.
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