Richie was born into a family deeply rooted in education and service. His father, Lionel Brockman Richie Sr., was a U.S. Army systems analyst, and his mother, Alberta R. Foster, was a teacher and school principal. Growing up on the campus of Tuskegee Institute, Richie was surrounded by music from an early age. His grandmother, Adelaide Mary Brown, was a classical pianist who inspired his love for music. Despite considering a career in divinity to become a priest in the Episcopal Church, Richie ultimately chose to pursue music, even though he couldn't read or write sheet music.
A star tennis player in high school, Richie accepted a tennis scholarship to attend Tuskegee Institute, where he graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree in economics and a minor in accounting. During his college years, he joined the marching band, the Marching Crimson Pipers, and became a member of Kappa Kappa Psi, a national honor fraternity for band members. He also became an active life member of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity.