English summary: Female religious communities are among the formative phenomena for Catholicism in modern times. They represent a form of common life which, in contrast to the contemplative orders, allows members to engage in charitable and educational activities. Female religious communities had an emancipatory effect by accelerating the professionalization of their work. At the same time, however, this led to the feminization of these activities, one consequence of which was low pay. Johann Kirchinger convincingly attributes these developments to a quantitative expansion that can only be understood against the background of the strong cultural, economic, and religious divide between the cities (the site of action for the religious communities) and rural areas (as their recruiting base) that prevailed especially between 1850 and 1950. German description: Frauenkongregationen gehoren zu den pragenden Phanomenen des Katholizismus in der Moderne. Es handelt sich bei ihnen um eine Form gemeinsamen Lebens, das den Mitgliedern im Unterschied zu den kontemplativen Orden karitative und padagogische Tatigkeiten ermoglicht. Frauenkongregationen wirkten emanzipativ, indem sie die Professionalisierung ihrer Tatigkeiten forcierten. Zugleich fuhrte diese jedoch zur Feminisierung dieser Tatigkeiten, deren eine Folge eine niedrige Entlohnung war. Johannes Kirchinger fuhrt diese Entwicklungen einleuchtend auf eine quantitative Expansion zuruck, die nur vor dem Hintergrund einer vor allem zwischen 1850 und 1950 herrschenden starken kulturellen, okonomischen und religiosen Kluft zwischen Stadt (als Einsatzort) und Land (als Rekrutierungsbasis) verstandlich wird.
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