"Win or lose-
What matter?
We fight
for
freedom of spirit."
Thus writes Ienaga Saburo, preeminent Japanese historian and courageous plaintiff in three lawsuits (1965-1997) against the government seeking to end Ministry of Education "certification" of textbooks, which even today constrains discussion of Japan's actions in China and elsewhere in the Pacific. The cases arose specifically from government censorship of Ienaga's forthright textbook accounts of the Pacific War and of such controversial events as the Nanjing massacre. The questions he has forced into the public arena are central both to the nature of Japanese democracy and to issues of war and memory. They have shaped Japanese politics and frictions with its Asian neighbors and with the United States for half a century.