This Special Issue addresses the critical role of asphalt binders in ensuring the performance and longevity of road pavements. Recognizing the limitations of traditional binders, such as susceptibility to aging, temperature fluctuations, and increasing traffic loads, this Special Issue presents innovative modification strategies. It covers the use of polymers, nanomaterials, and bio-based additives designed to enhance the mechanical and rheological properties of asphalt. Key topics include improvements in resistance to deformation and cracking, as well as the integration of sustainable practices through recycled materials and eco-friendly additives. Additionally, this Special Issue discusses advanced characterization and testing methods that allow for precise assessments of binder behavior. This compilation serves as an essential resource for understanding current advancements in pavement engineering and infrastructure sustainability.