This book offers a rigorous examination of the structures that have kept African nations trapped in cycles of debt, austerity, and underdevelopment since the founding of the modern international monetary system at Bretton Woods in 1944. Drawing on the rich tradition of national liberation Marxism, from Kwame Nkrumah's foundational critique of neocolonialism to the scholarship of Samir Amin, Claude Ake, and Bade Onimode, the authors refuse the sanitised vocabulary of neoliberalism and instead name what these structures are: the continuation of colonial theft by other means.