
Angioplasty for chronic total occlusions (CTO) is intricate and requires excellent operator skills, but even when performed under the best circumstances, it is plagued by lower success rates when compared to non-total occlusions. In this volume, an international...

Chronic total occlusions (CTO) are common, and found in approximately one third of patients with significant coronary artery disease who undergo angiography. CTO constitute one of the main criteria when selecting between angioplasty and bypass surgery. Angioplasty for CTO is...