These well-researched, insightful essays examine the history of European thought from the Middle Ages to the French Revolution, showing how this period of profound transformation ultimately gave birth to modern assumptions about society, politics and cosmology. By studying the people of the past on their own terms, this book offers fresh, historically accurate perspectives about pre-modern and modern thought paradigms.Modern stereotypes about the past are exploded, as we find that the medieval crusader saw himself as a penitent pilgrim, that the Renaissance humanist opposed scholastic secularism, and that Age of Reason scientists had no sense of an intrinsic antagonism between religion and science. The author also examines how Copernicanism was peacefully assimilated in Catholic Europe, a story rarely told in contemporary scholarship. Finally, in a study of the illegal literature of the Enlightenment, we see the strained relations between the philosophes and lower class radical writers, showing how the events of revolution soon outpaced what 18th-century liberals had conceived.
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