The center of gravity in espionage has shifted from the human to the digital, from the trench coat to the terabyte. For most of the twentieth century, the image of the spy was a human one. It was a figure in a raincoat passing an envelope on a rain-slicked Berlin bridge, a defector slipping across a checkpoint, a diplomat with a second, secret job. Intelligence was a physical craft. It depended on people willing to steal secrets and on the officers who cultivated them. The tools of the trade were dead drops, microdots, one-time pads, and the patient art of the recruitment pitch. Secrets lived in filing cabinets and safes, and to obtain them a service had to put a human being within reach of the vault. That world has not vanished, but it has been overtaken. Secrets no longer live only in safes. They live in databases, in cloud servers, in the routers that carry the world's telephone calls, and in the phones that almost every person on earth now carries. A single hard drive can hold what once filled a warehouse full of paper. A well-placed piece of malware can copy in an afternoon what a generation of case officers could not have obtained in a decade.
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