English summary: In this 2017 lecture, Peter Trawny gives an introduction to Karl Marx' early philosophy. It presents the development of Marx' thinking, from his reading of Hegel and Feuerbach (1839-1841) and the "Paris Manuscripts" (1844) to the famous "Manifesto of the Communist Party" (1847). The author thoroughly investigates into important concepts of this period, such as those of money, labour, or alienation, and contextualizes them historically...