In the 1760s and 1770s the British colonies in America protested the attempts of King and Parliament to tax and enforce tighter administrative control. As friction increased, delegates from the thirteen colonies met as the Continental Congress to coordinate and push their case. The rebellion turned to all out war and the colonies declared independence in 1776. In 1781 the Congress approved a working Constitution called the Articles of Confederation. After a treaty of peace was signed by England acknowledging the nationhood of the United States, the constitution drafted under wartime conditions proved ineffective. In 1787 an extra-legal convention met in Philadelphia, attended by all thirteen states, to compose a new governing document. This was submitted to the Congress which rubber stamped it and sent it out to the state governments for ratification. Upon unanimous acceptance the new Constitution of the United States went into effect in 1789. The document has proven to be remarkably durable, with the help of its amending power. This edited version goes through the document article by article clarifying legal terminology, and parenthetically noting portions that became inapplicable in time, or were revised to answer new issues. The political wisdom and practical experience of its drafters is abundantly displayed.
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