Between the 1870s and 1900, Africa faced European imperialist aggression, diplomatic pressures, military invasions, and eventual conquest and colonization. During the Berlin Conference of 1884, chaired by Otto von Bismarck of Germany, the Scramble for and partition of Africa was formalized. The diplomats in Berlin laid the rules of competition by which the great powers were to be guided in seeking colonies. The theory of effective occupation barked...
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History