Caste is the foundation for everything that happens in India. Given the large global footprint of Indians, it is a worthwhile endeavor to understand this foundational idea that shapes the Indian mindset and society. In this chapter, we start with a brief explanation of the caste system and then offer grim data on how a citizens' caste impacts their economic well-being and is the determining factor that either facilitates entry or obstructs entry into the upper echelons of the Indian system. Though detrimental to India's unity and to economic advancement of the vast majority of Indians, the caste system refuses to go away. To unravel the resilience of the caste system, we explore the mindsets of representative mainstream personas, none of whom find the caste system to be particularly problematic. We dig deeper to understand the racial, religious, ethnicity and genetic dimensions underlying the caste system. We articulate the mechanisms by which societal structures, political and legal systems included, enforce status quo. Finally, we present ideas on how India could unleash the creativity and productivity of the vast majority of its citizens by breaking free of the caste system.