During task-switching, if we occasionally encounter stimuli that cue more than
one task (i.e. bivalent stimuli), response slowing is observed on all univalent trials within
that block, even when no features overlap with the bivalent stimuli. This observation is
known as the bivalency effect. Here, I show that the bivalency effect reflects a form of
top-down cognitive control that is not easily explained by most current models of control
in the literature. The research presented within my thesis reveals that the bivalency effect
reflects an adjustment in cognitive control that is highly dependent on past experience
with response conflict.