The nineteenth century will be for all time memorable forthe great extension of the knowledge of organic nature. It wasthen that the results of the earlier efforts of mankind to interpretthe mysteries of nature began to be fruitful; observers oforganic nature began to see more deeply into the province oflife, and, above all, began to see how to direct their futurestudies. It was in that century that the use of the microscopemade known the similarity in cellular construction of allorganized beings; that the substance, protoplasm, began to berecognized as the physical basis of life and the seat of all vitalactivities; then, most contagious diseases were traced tomicroscopic organisms, and as a consequence, medicine andsurgery were reformed; then the belief in the spontaneousorigin of life under present conditions was given up; and it wasin that century that the doctrine of organic evolution gainedgeneral acceptance. These and other advances less generallyknown created an atmosphere in which biology-the great lifescience-grew rapidly.
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