This Reprint brings together recent research on the benefits of physical activity and exercise for human health across different populations and contexts. The included contributions examine how physical activity and exercise interventions can support health promotion, disease prevention and management, functional capacity, cognitive and mental health, motor development, and quality of life. Covering children, adolescents, adults, older adults, and clinical populations, this Reprint provides evidence from experimental studies, randomized controlled trials, observational research, and scoping reviews. Overall, it highlights the importance of safe, effective, and context-specific approaches to increasing physical activity and improving health and well-being across the lifespan.