This volume fills a gap left by the eleven volumes that I published between April 2023 and January 2025. Previous volumes addressed subatomic particles. This volume extends my analysis of fundamental physics to the atomic theory of matter; in particular to the discovery of electrons, protons and neutrons. Part I provides an introduction to the atomic theory of matter, including to the structure of an atom, chemical elements, the Periodic Table, and molecules. Part II describes the discovery of the electron, including the main papers by J. J. Thomson in 1897, 1906 and his Nobel Lecture in 1906; and papers by Neils Bohr in 1913. Part III describes the discovery of the proton by Ernest Rutherford, including his papers between 1899 and 1914, and his Nobel Lecture in 1908. Part IV describes the discovery of the neutron by James Chadwick, including papers by Rutherford between 1919 and 1920; Bohr's Nobel Lecture in 1922; papers by Werner Heisenberg between 1922 and 1925; papers by Chadwick between 1932 and 1935, and his Nobel Lecture in 1935.
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