Introduction: Archaeology and Archaeometallurgy.- Stages of Early Metallurgical Activities.- Ancient Ore Deposits.- Basic Physical-Chemical Principles of Ancient Metallurgy.- Archaeometallurgical Slags and Other Debris.- Making Metals: Ancient Metallurgical Processes.- Metals and Alloys.- Macro- and Microstructure of Metals.- Ethnographic Evidence and Artisanal Metal Production.- Experimental Archaeometallurgy.- Provenance Studies.