Around the turn of the century, anti-fascism in Germany underwent a transformation. Instead of denouncing the prevailing social order as the natural breeding ground of fascist movements, the focus of the critique shifted onto regressive, unenlightened, or "abridged" forms of anti-capitalism. Asserting that capitalism is "abstract rule," it set out to accuse its various adversaries of easily sliding into antisemitism, construed by anti-fascists...