This Reprint offers a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of recent advances in analytical strategies for detecting and characterizing pollutants in food and environmental systems. As the diversity and complexity of contaminants increase, modern analytical chemistry provides essential tools for generating reliable data that support risk assessment, quality control, and environmental protection. The contributions included in this Reprint showcase innovations across the full analytical workflow, from advanced sample preparation techniques that increase extraction efficiency and selectivity to progress in cutting-edge instrumentation, such as mass spectrometry platforms for organic pollutants. Taken together, these studies offer an integrated view of how new methodologies are transforming the detection, quantification, and understanding of contaminants. The Reprint provides valuable insights for researchers, laboratories, and professionals dedicated to protecting food quality and safeguarding environmental health.