Starting around 1990, states have increasingly moved toward an emphasis on less voluntary compliance by campuses and more centralized state-level mandates, with increasing emphasis on comparing statewide performance through the use of a set of performance indicators. Thus, the largely campus-based assessment movement of the 1980s was followed by the accountability movement of the 1990s, which required more standardized reporting of performance indicators to broaden noncampus constituencies such as legislators, employers, and the public. This volume focuses on the emergence of that movement and particularly how it was implemented by certain state and university systems. This is the 91st issue of the quarterly journal New Directions for Higher Education .
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