During almost 250 years of its existence, Afghanistan has evolved from rule by a tribal aristocracy to constitutional monarchy and people's democratic republic, culminating in the establishment of a theocracy in which power rests with the religious establishment, the ulama. A civil war, subsequent to the communist defeat in 1992, resulted in the emergence of the Taliban
who intended to establish a "true Islamic state." Taliban misrule, support for terrorist groups, and alliance with Osama bin Laden led to American intervention resulting in a renewed attempt to establish a broad-based democratic government.