Periodontal disease is a complex, multifactorial condition influenced by microbial, environmental, and host-related factors. Genetics plays a significant role in determining individual susceptibility, severity, and progression of the disease. Variations in genes regulating immune response, inflammatory pathways, and connective tissue metabolism-such as IL-1, TNF-α, and MMP polymorphisms-have been linked to higher risk. Family and twin studies also support a heritable component, especially in aggressive periodontitis. Understanding genetic predisposition helps in early identification of high-risk individuals, guiding personalized prevention and treatment strategies.
ThriftBooks sells millions of used books at the lowest everyday prices. We personally assess every book's quality and offer rare, out-of-print treasures. We deliver the joy of reading in recyclable packaging with free standard shipping on US orders over $15. ThriftBooks.com. Read more. Spend less.