Lower genital tract diseases include vulvovaginal and HPV-related diseases, ranging from benign to pre-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions. Nowadays, there has been increasing interest in innovative methods to diagnose and prevent cervical cancer through HPV primary screening programs. However, other lower genital tract diseases are unrelated to HPV infection; hence, cytology, colposcopy, and sonography might play a crucial role in assessment and...